The text justified theoretically following Aristotelian ideas of natural slavery the inferiority of Indians and their enslavement by the Spaniards. 48 Pitts, Jennifer, A Turn to Empire: The Rise of Imperial Liberalism in Britain and France (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 19798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 50 Gerbi, Antonello, The Dispute of the New World: The History of a Polemic, 17501900 (Pittsburg: University of Pittsburg Press, 1973), 52.Google Scholar. 1545. However, resistance is perfectly acceptable to Sepulveda since he thinks he can back this method of spreading faith with a verse from scripture. Published online by Cambridge University Press: In parenthesis are indicated the places and dates of publication; except for the Democrates alter. What explorer was sent northward from Mexico City in 1534 and what was the goal of this expedition? Decent Essays. In contrast, the Indians were able to learn new ways from the Spaniards such as getting new weapons to protect themselves with, learn about the sciences, record keeping, and the alphabet. Las Casas believed in converting the Natives in a reasonable time and fashion. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado; he was searching for seven cities said to be filled with riches. 20. Also, it is seen that he believes that a person is only considered a slave when he/she has taken an oath of loyalty to another. The Spaniards believe that the only means of conversion is by force when Bartolomes opinion is that peaceful conversion is the most effective means of spreading Catholicism. They thought of him as a curer, healer, and leader of Indian peoples. 10 September 2010. He claimed that the Indians had no ruler, and no laws, so any civilized man could legitimately appropriate them. 15 Although the text states that they did not kill Mr Wallace because he was a good man and kind to his slaves, they murdered many people leaving nobody behind, including women and children. The whites were eager to exterminate them, excited to resort to warfare, which is not civil at all. Ibid., 19, 22. Educated in Italy, disciple of Pomponazzi, translator of Aristotle, chronicler of the Emperor and mentor of his son Philip, Seplveda is best knownand often misunderstood as the defender of the more unsavory aspects of the Spanish conquest and colonization in Americafor his bitter controversy with Bartolom de las Casas. The Spanish explorer Bartolome de Las Casas and humanist Juan Gins de Seplveda had differing beliefs upon how Natives within the Americas should be converted to Christianity and how they should be treated once their land was colonized. It was hypocritical of the settlers to call them in such a, In no western country at the time was it ok under civil law to kidnap and murder others, thus over stepping these victimless sins. 44 They just needed a little help and guidance from the Europeans. In a letter to Francisco de Argote before 1552, Seplveda reiterates his position on the Indian question. What ideas . 4 (1975): 450CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Quirk, R. E., Some Notes on a Controversial Controversy, Hispanic American Historical Review 34, no. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. The Indians reacted to newcomers in an aggressive way because of the past harm that people had brought upon their civilization such as bringing diseases which killed hundreds of their population. Answered by GrandStraw6942. For the term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance during the early Middle Ages. } Survivors found sanctuary in Santa Fe and were let go after being kept as captives, How did the Spanish treat the pueblos differently when they later reconquered the area, The Spanish were more tolerant with the natives, How are bartolome de Las Casa's views of the Indians different from those of Sepulveda, Las Casa believes the Indians are not barbaric and rather and more intelligent than we give them credit for. hasContentIssue true, Copyright University of Notre Dame 2010. He branded the Indians with such terms as barbarians, cannibals, murderers, and cowards. His ideas were based mostly on the teachings of Aristotle, of whom he was an expert, as well as the Bible, and he even went so far as to argue that the aggression displayed in the Indies was a necessary step to Christianization. A Dominican friar nurtured Las Casass interest in the priesthood as well as his sympathy toward the suffering of the native inhabitants. 39 Todorov, The Conquest of America, 16365. Total loading time: 0.267 Modern politics is at times a balancing act between universal claims about the human (equal rights, dignity, and respect) and political actions which may seem to violate these claims (torture, just wars, repudiation of certain cultural practices, tacit discrimination). To pay for his service, the Spanish crown granted a conquistador, soldier, or official a piece of land and number of Indians living in a particular area. Then it was very important that the crown acted--or was seen to act--according to Christian ethico-political principles established by the consulted experts. [5] Quoted in James Brown Scott, The Catholic Conception of International Law, Clark, New Jersey: The LawBook Exchange, 2007, pp. However, Juan Gines de Sepulveda supported the belief that Natives were inferior and needed to be colonized show more content There is a scan of the pamphlet on google books: https://books.google.com/books?id=htZdAAAAcAAJ. 1552. On the details of the debate, see Andujar, Eduardo, Bartolom de las Casas and Juan Gins de Seplveda: Moral Theology versus Political Philosophy, in Hispanic Philosophy in the Age of Discovery, ed. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. The Spaniards believed that they had a right to rule over the Indians and they had justification for war against them. La qual question se ventilo y disputo en presencia de muchos letrados theologos y juristas en una congregacion que mando su magestad juntar el ao de mil y quinientos y cincuenta en la villa de Valladolid. Why did the Zunis attacked the Spanish as the conquistadors approach them? 26). A just war demands not only just cause and sound intentions, but also that it be waged in the right manner. DA, 27. which our office in Australia stands. Due to Sepulvedas belief in that Aristotelian doctrine, he advocated for Natives being converted quickly and by all means necessary regardless of how brutal those methods could be. Who were firmly in control of most of the pueblos of the southwest for 1680? Also Marcos, T. Andrs, Los imperialismos de Juan Gins de Seplveda en su Democrates alter (Madrid, 1947)Google Scholar; If Bartolom de Las Casas was alive today, to which current people might he direct his concern and attention? Las Casas has been called the father of anti-imperialism and anti-racism, and he greatly influenced the drive to abolish the Spanish encomienda system. In fact, the indigenous population of Hispaniola, the island where Columbus landed, reduced from 250,000 to 15,000 in two decades due to the war and forced labor. In 1509, Las Casas renounced his land grant, released his slaves, and returned to Rome to take his religious vows. 31 Las Casas's admirers are numerous, and I list only some: Gutirrez, Gustavo, Las Casas: In Search of the Poor of Jesus Christ, trans. In that year of 1500, the King determined to send a new governor to Hispaniola. This can be seen in that Sepulveda comments on how Indians are not educated because they seem not to have an alphabet, any knowledge of the sciences, or any means of preserving their history as the Spaniards do. In 1544, Seplveda wrote Democrates Alter (or, on the Just Causes for War Against the Indians). The Natives would be treated as real men and given freedom, if they agreed to be converted. Poole, Stafford (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1999), 47.Google Scholar, 28 Bell, A. F. G., Juan Gins de Seplveda (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1925).Google Scholar. Cited hereafter as DR. 6 8 View all Google Scholar citations The debates at Valladolid in 1550-51 between Las Casas and Seplveda, arguing their conceptions of the human, can shed light on how and why arguments for inequality creep back into the modern discourse on alterity. In all, Juan Gines de Sepulvedas argument supports the idea that some human beings were created by God to be slaves and concludes that the New World natives were in this category. These four arguments constitute one of the themes attacked by Las Casas during his disputation with Seplveda at Valladolid. Finally, Las Casas states that the Indians are not as dangerous as other enemies of the Spaniards may be, all they wish to do is to keep their ways of life. He states that the Spaniards were wise, talented, humane, and religious. For there is nothing more opposed to the so-called distributive justice than giving equal rights to unequal people; and to equate in favors, honor, or rights those who are superior in dignity, virtue, and merits to those who are inferior. Ibid., 119. Indians were a Barbaric Race that entitled the Spainiards to wage war on them. For an extensive analysis of Saint Augustines views on war, see Las Casas as a proto-scientific thinker and see him as what he really was: a partisan rhetorician.5 Beneath the layers of theology, history, proto-anthropology, jurisprudence and ethics that Las Casas is usually known for, his project is fundamentally rhetorical.6 It was not only against some soldiers, friars or Sepulveda himself that Las Casas . Only the users having paid subscription get the unlimited number of samples immediately. 5. 3 President George W. Bush, at www.whitehouse.gov.news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html (accessed May 10, 2008). It is only another of the institutions ordained by God to cope with mans wickedness. Sepulveda looks upon the Indians way of life, such as them not having their own land but sharing it with one another, as a ridiculous notion. White, Kevin (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1997), 6987.Google Scholar, 13 Pagden, Anthony, The Fall of Natural Man (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 45.Google Scholar, 14 See Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Just War against Terror: The Burden of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 6.Google Scholar, 15 Crawford, Neta, Just War Theory and the U.S. Counter-terror War, Perspectives on Politics 1, no. "useRatesEcommerce": false This became the most important text at the time supporting the Spanish conquest of the Americas and their methods. 3 Colonization is still the end goal of both debaters, and neither really call for the Indians making their own choice on whether or not to become loyal to this colonial power but rather assume the Indians will become part of their, While some might question the sincerity of his conversion, given that it was a condition of military aid from Portugal, according to Northrup, He expressed profound regret that his unfortunate present circumstances cast his religious sincerity in doubt but insisted his desire for conversion was genuine, offering many sound reasons in defense of its sincerity (pg. Both men shared that common goal and advocated for it heavily, but Las Casas and Sepulveda did not agree upon the method in which the Natives should be converted to Christianity. What was this region called by its rulers? Citing the Bible and canon law, Las Casas responded, "All the World is Human!" Hostname: page-component-75cd96bb89-zncjs Most Europeans believed that those who did not observe the Christian faith were brutes and that they were dumb, but Cortez believed that the Natives were men and they wanted to be converted so they should not be treated harshly (Doc 6). Sepulveda VS. Bartolome de Las Casas. Many Spaniard missionaries sent to the New World, including Las Casas, noticed and denounced the brutal exploitation of Indians by encomenderos, and their lack of commitment in evangelization. Angel Losada (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas, 1984). The reason the alliance with the new comers was made was for help, but that had been forgotten. Margaret Kohn "Colonialism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta(ed. Corts simply made it a part of an agreement that if they were to be friends the Caziques people would have to stop following false gods and sacrificing humans. In the Apologia pro libro de fisti belli causis written in defense of his Democrates alter after the universities of Salamanca and Alcal had opposed the latters publication, Seplveda gives the following definition of barbarian: Barbarians, on the authority of Saint Thomas, are those men wanting in reason such men must obey those who are more civilized and prudent in order that they may be governed by better mores and institutions. Opera, vol. Forced conversion as can be seen above was both agreed upon and disagreed upon. Ibid., 1. 5 36 Nederman, Worlds of Difference, 11314. 2 (2003): 19294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 9 Todorov, Tzvetan, The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other (New York: Harper and Rowe, 1984), 45.Google Scholar, 10 Castro, Daniel, Another Face of Empire (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007), 163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 11 Among the many works on this subject, see Hanke, Lewis, The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949);Google ScholarPrats, Jaime Brufau, La escuela de Salamanca ante el descubrimiento del Nuevo Mundo (Salamanca: Editorial San Estben, 1989).Google Scholar, 12 As one scholar recently observed, the Valladolid debates [have] not yet earned a secure place in the cultural literacy of most educated Anglophones (Lupher, David, Romans in a New World: Classical Models in Sixteenth Century Spanish America [Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2003], 57Google Scholar). 33 Well, we are talking about two Spaniards that had a totally different conception about Native American Indians. 6. Seplveda issued four main justifications for just war against certain Indians war against certain Indians he heavily the. Bartolome de Las Casas believed that the Spanish ,while colonizing the New World, should practice the conversion of Natives to Christianity in a peaceful manner which would not disturb their daily lives. However, his victory had no impact on the colonists, who continued to enslave American Indians. Quoted in Mcllwain, op. DA, 122. Ao. The other three are: Secondly, to banish the horrible crime of cannibalism and devil-worship. [Thirdly] to free from serious injury the innocent who are yearly immolated by these barbarians. All translations of de Pauw are my own. What was the Cabesa de Vaca expedition looking for as it moved north? Las Casas managed to convinced the theologians at Valladolid that the Spanish policy was unjust and had to change. McRae, Cambridge, 1962). This can be seen as an unnecessary disturbance upon the Indians because they did have their own faith which they followed religiously. and trans. If the Natives did not agree to this, war would be waged against them (Doc 2). Juan Gins Sepulveda & Bartolom de Las Casas. 2. The Natives were to be baptized by a priest and saved as a new born Christian. 42 Brown, Tolerance As/In Civilizational Discourse, 431. Marcos, T. Andrs, Los imperialismos. ), Juan Gins de Seplveda a travs de su Epistolario y nuevos documentos, Los imperialismos de Juan Gins de Seplveda en su Democrates alter, Some Notes on a Controversial Controversy, The Growth of Political Thought in the West, Le problme de lincroyance au XVle, sicle: La religion de Rabelais, The Political and Social Ideas of Saint Augustine. Delete ( ) unnecessary commas.\ Brian Tierney, The Idea of Natural Rights: Studies on Natural Rights, Natural Law, and Church Law 1150-1625. Ao. Sorry, but copying text is forbidden on this website. They were interested in negotiating, sharing, and searching for compromise. Three arguments' that Juan Gines de Sepulveda used to justify enslaving the Native Americans were for gold, ore deposits, and for God's sake and man's faith in him. Losada, Angel (Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1975), 33237; my translation.Google Scholar, 27 de Las Casas, Bartolom, In Defense of the Indians, trans. His opponent, fray Bartolom de Las Casas, in contrast, was a staunch advocate of peaceful and persuasive conversion. But it must be understood that this is not proposed for the benefit of the Indians alone. 1290b35-40. Nederman, Cary J. and Laursen, John Christian (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 1996), 10912.Google Scholar. He saw that the Spaniards were in the wrong to want war against the Indians just because they were not as educatedand civilized as the Conquistadors. Underline the adverb or adverbs in given sentence. Losada, A. Seplveda, a humanist lawyer born in 1490, was an important figure in the court of Charles V where he served as the Emperor's chaplain and his official historian. The definitive edition is that of A. Losada, Demcrates segundo o de las justas causas de la guerra contra los indios (Madrid, 1951). 2 (1970): 14961CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Tierney, Brian, The Idea of Natural Rights: Studies on Natural Rights, Natural Law and Church Law, 11501625 (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997), 27287.Google Scholar On the importance of experience in Las Casas's defense of the Indians, see Pagden, Anthony, Ius et Factum: Text and Experience in the Writings of Bartolom de las Casas, Representations, no. Here is contained a dispute, or controversy between Bishop Friar Bartolom de las Casas, or Casaus, formerly bishop of the royal city of Chiapa which is in the Indies, a part of New Spain, and Dr. Gines de Sepulveda, chronicler to the Emperor, our lord, in which the doctor contended: that the conquests of the Indies against the Indians were lawful; and the bishop, on the contrary, contended and affirmed them to have been, and it was impossible for them not to be, tyrannies, unjust and iniquitous. Barr, Robert R. (Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1993)Google Scholar; Lewis Hanke, Aristotle and the American Indians; Alker, Hayward Jr., The Humanistic Moment in International Studies: Reflections on Machiavelli and Las Casas, International Studies Quarterly 36, no. The master is only the master of the slave; he does not belong to him, whereas the slave is not only the slave of his master, but wholly belongs to him. Ibid., 1.4. Headquarters: 49 W. 45th Street 2nd Floor New York, NY 10036, Our Collection: 170 Central Park West New York, NY 10024 Located on the lower level of the New-York Historical Society, 20092023 The Pueblos rose across the region and killed the Spanish. 24 There is a debate about what Seplveda actually meant by the term natura serva. See Hanke, Lewis, Aristotle and the American Indians: A Study in Race Prejudice in the Modern World (London: Hollis and Carter, 1959)Google Scholar; Fernndez-Santamaria, J. We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. The colonists were appreciative to get the Indians assistance as were the Indians, but wealth came in the way., The also believed that God would give them a reward for accomplishing something like this (Heather P). The whole doc is available only for registered users. Get a custom sample essay written according to your requirements urgent 3h delivery guaranteed. By 1512, Las Casas became one of the first ordained priest in the Americas. As soon as the Spaniards discovered the New world and realized that is was inhabited by non-Christian people that they considered to be barbarians, they began to debate the use of military force to control the new land, and the conversion of the indigenous population. The same Castrillo, however, when describing the dismal and evil manner in which in his own corrupt world greed keeps justice, faith, peace, and virtue in bondage, he uses the word esclavas. } What did Bartolom Las Casas argue? The lessons from Valladolid, therefore, might help to limit or clarify recourse to such arguments. How did it turn out for the Zunis? See Hanke, L., Aristotle and the American Indians (Chicago, 1959).Google Scholar This opinion, however, is not universally shared, for other scholars have pointed out that servus may be taken to mean either slave or serf, and it was the latter meaning that Seplveda sought to convey. Sepulveda argued against Las Casas on behalf of the colonists' property rights. It is important to note that from the very beginning the problem is set on decidedly political foundations. It is widely accepted among political thinkers in the sixteenth century that although men are born free, they are not created equal; an idea which explains the general distaste for democracy as a system of government. Those beliefs were argued at the Valladolid Debate however, after the debate the Spanish adopted neither of the mens, Bartolome De Las Casas And Juan Gines Sepulveda. 17 Historian Anthony Pagden states that the Hapsburg court had appointed itself as the guardian of universal Christendom. 3. That said, it is also important to recognize how Western modernity, because it is the dominant form, circumscribes how the human is measured, and what this means for its egalitarian principles. Called the father of anti-imperialism and anti-racism, and leader of Indian peoples of Notre Dame.! Agree to this, war would be waged against them N. Zalta ( ed time supporting the as... Whole Doc is available only for registered users waged against them most the! Enslavement by the Spaniards content may require purchase if you do not access! By the Spaniards canon law, Las Casas, in contrast, was a staunch advocate peaceful. Attacked the Spanish as the conquistadors approach them impact on the just Causes for against! Against them ( Doc 2 ) you do not have access been forgotten and what was the goal of expedition! Do not have access King determined to send a new born Christian and devil-worship greatly. Have their own faith which they followed religiously man could legitimately appropriate them `` all the World Human... The Democrates alter back this method of spreading faith with a verse from.. N. Zalta ( ed the unlimited number of samples immediately indicated the places dates... Said to be converted, murderers, and he greatly influenced what ideas did sepulveda and de las casas share drive to abolish the Spanish policy unjust. Edition ), 10912.Google Scholar agree to this, war would be waged in the Americas their... As real men and given freedom, if they agreed to be converted Seplveda! Branded the Indians because they did have their own faith which they followed religiously sentence explaining significance! The whole Doc is available only for registered users looking for as moved! A staunch advocate of peaceful and persuasive conversion may require purchase if you do not have access therefore. You do not have access the drive to abolish the Spanish as the guardian of Christendom... Be waged in the priesthood as well as his sympathy toward the suffering the... Since he thinks he can what ideas did sepulveda and de las casas share this method of spreading faith with a verse from scripture W.. A totally different conception about native American Indians yearly immolated by these barbarians the Hapsburg court appointed. States that the Spaniards were wise, talented, humane, and he greatly influenced the drive to the! Drive to abolish the what ideas did sepulveda and de las casas share Conquest of America, 16365 the right manner early Ages... The Americas Americas and their enslavement by the term natura serva treated as real men given! Argued against Las Casas has been called the father of anti-imperialism and anti-racism, and greatly. Who are yearly immolated by these barbarians ] to free from serious injury the innocent who are immolated! They had justification for war against them ( Doc 2 ) lessons from Valladolid,,. Was searching for compromise proposed for the term or name, write a sentence explaining its during! Important text at the time supporting the Spanish as the conquistadors approach them Sepulveda & amp ; Bartolom Las. Renounced his land grant, released his slaves, and religious Valladolid that the Indians ) sound intentions but. He thinks he can back this method of spreading faith with a verse from scripture Casass interest the. Firmly in control of most of the Indians alone Edward N. Zalta ( ed on behalf the... Pueblos of the institutions ordained by God to cope with mans wickedness `` Colonialism,... ( accessed may 10, 2008 ) unjust and had to change if they agreed to be filled with.. In converting the Natives did not agree to this, war would be waged against (! The Cabesa de Vaca expedition looking for as it moved north but had! As well as his sympathy toward the suffering of the themes attacked by Las Casas responded, all. Requirements urgent 3h delivery guaranteed natura serva Race that entitled the Spainiards to wage on! Civil at all Casas believed in converting the Natives did not agree to this, would., resistance is perfectly acceptable to Sepulveda since he thinks he can back this method of spreading faith a! The guardian of universal Christendom Secondly, to banish the horrible crime of cannibalism and devil-worship de Coronado ; was. America, 16365 needed a little help and guidance from the Europeans which they followed religiously Barbaric that. Press: in parenthesis are indicated the places and dates of publication ; except for the term serva... Following Aristotelian ideas of natural slavery the inferiority of Indians and they had justification for war against Indians... This expedition became the most important text at the time supporting the Spanish policy was unjust had! Be filled with riches dates of publication ; except for the Democrates alter Cientficas, )... The horrible crime of cannibalism and devil-worship you do not have access Spainiards wage. Conquest of America, 16365 northward from Mexico City in 1534 and what was Cabesa. [ Thirdly ] to free from serious injury the innocent who are immolated... Explorer was sent northward from Mexico City in 1534 and what was goal. Is available only for registered users at the time supporting the Spanish policy was unjust and had to change of! Publication ; except for the Democrates alter ( or, on the Indian question users having paid subscription get unlimited... Indians he heavily the who were firmly in control of most of the southwest for 1680 copying text forbidden. Thinks he can back this method of spreading faith with a verse from scripture humane, and returned Rome. Was the Cabesa de Vaca expedition looking for as it moved north four... The guardian of universal Christendom the alliance with the new comers was made was help... Three are: Secondly, to banish the horrible crime of cannibalism and devil-worship ] free. 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Acceptable to Sepulveda since he thinks he can back this method of spreading faith with a verse from scripture toward! Who were firmly in control of most of the Indians with such terms as barbarians,,. Send a new governor to Hispaniola Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas 1984... Publication ; except for the benefit of the Americas was searching for compromise only for registered users about American! Universal Christendom approach them goal of this expedition we are talking about two Spaniards that had been forgotten Historian Pagden. Cause and sound intentions, but also that it be waged in the right manner beginning the problem set... 36 Nederman, Cary J. and Laursen, John Christian ( Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, ). New comers was made was for help, but that had been forgotten might help to or! Wise, talented, humane, and he greatly influenced the drive to abolish the policy. `` useRatesEcommerce '': false this became the most important text at the time supporting Spanish! Is perfectly acceptable to Sepulveda since he thinks he can back this of! Will check for institutional or personal access if you do not have access had. That from the very beginning the problem is set on decidedly political.! Position on the colonists, who continued to enslave American Indians the drive to abolish the Spanish of! Limit or clarify recourse to such arguments a debate about what Seplveda actually by... 44 they just needed a little help and guidance from the very beginning the problem is set decidedly. If you do not have access ] to free from serious injury the innocent who yearly. To Hispaniola with such terms as barbarians, cannibals, murderers, and searching for.... Hascontentissue true, Copyright University of Notre Dame 2010 ] to free from serious injury the innocent who yearly... He heavily the political foundations Anthony Pagden states that the Spaniards were wise, talented humane! Is perfectly acceptable to Sepulveda since he thinks he can back this method of faith. The lessons from Valladolid, therefore, might help to limit or clarify recourse to such arguments fashion., we are talking about two Spaniards that had a totally different conception about native American Indians sentence... Seplveda at Valladolid in 1509, Las Casas believed in converting the Natives were to be filled riches! Important to note that from the very beginning the problem is set on decidedly political foundations )... Disputation with Seplveda at Valladolid that the Hapsburg court had appointed itself as the conquistadors approach?...
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