In 1668 he introduced the Prussian General Staff; it became the model in controlling an army for other European powers. At his accession the scattered lands of the Hohenzollern were devastated and depopulated by the Thirty Years War and occupied by Swedish troops. Many of the refugees were professionals and skilled artisans. Deciding that only the support of Louis XIV could give him Swedish Pomerania, Frederick William signed the Treaty of St. Germain St. Germain, Treaty of (1679)[Saint Germain, Treaty of (1679)] with France in 1679 in exchange for an annual subsidy, but his anticipated territories were restored to Sweden. He issued the Edict of Potsdam in 1685, granting asylum to Huguenots expelled from France. At his accession to the electorship, Brandenburg was ravaged by war and occupied by foreign troops. He improved their government substantially and assumed the role of absolute power. Very fast delivery, good seller! On Blumenthal's advice he agreed to exempt the nobility from taxes and in return they agreed to dissolve the Estates-General. Their children were the following: Frederick's later years were marked by differences between his wife and his son Frederick, and influenced by Dorothea he bequeathed portions of Brandenburg to her four sons. That man was Henning, who, along with his tiny band of soldiers, was already hiding inside Fehrbellin, hoping to delay the Swedes as long as possible. The other state was on the opposite end of the spectrum. His inheritance consisted of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, the Duchy of Cleves, the County of Mark, and the Duchy of Prussia. Funding the military through heavy taxes required building up new industry, such as wool, cotton, linen, lace, soap, paper, and iron. A. expunge, B. collate, C. extol, D. prate E. impute. The "Great Elector" started a counter-offensive, pursuing the retreating Swedish forces through Swedish Pomerania. Frederick William, preferring hunting rather than the arts, left court culture to Louise Henrietta, although Frederick William had neither the inclination nor, more important, the finances to emulate Louis XIVs Versailles Palace. Our database is searchable by subject and updated continuously. Related Topics. The numbers you entered don't match the image. He later destroyed another Swedish army that invaded the Duchy of Prussia during the Great Sleigh Drive in 1678. proclaimed the Pragmatic Sanction. Already the French were failing to deliver the promised subsidies, and when Montecuccoli returned to retake control of the Austrian army and actually went onto the offensive, the elector decided to resume his war with France. He desperately sought to remedy the situation. He correctly surmised that the only way Frederick William could possibly reach him before the bridge was repaired was with cavalry alone, and he believed such an attack without infantry support would be far too risky. Shortly afterward, Montecuccoli regained control of his own army and terminated the brief offensive. When a French army attacked Holland, initiating the Franco-Dutch War, Frederick William was quick to pledge his support to the Dutch Republic. In his mind, the only solution was to create a formidable military that could compete with the major European powers surrounding him. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. France pressured her ally Sweden to relieve her by attacking Brandenburg-Prussia from the north. 18 Jan 2023 13:33:56 The daring horsemen of Frederick William had seen to that at Fehrbellin. He required that all parents send their children to school. His economic endeavors failed to transform Brandenburg-Prussia. Commissioner Robert Spindell, who also served as a fake elector for former President Donald Trump, again on Wednesday refused to resign. In his half-century reign, 16401688, the Great Elector transformed the small remote state of Prussia into a great power by augmenting and integrating the Hohenzollern family possessions in northern Germany and Prussia. He even secretly informed Louis that he would keep the Austrian army behind the Rhine. 1941), "The Great Elector", Frederick William, 16401688. Impact California Social Studies World History, Culture, and Geography The Modern World, Decide which word has the meaning that is the same as (a synonym) or opposite to (an antonym) that of the capitalized vocabulary word. The largest disaster, however, occurred that winter at Turkheim, where Turenne launched a surprise attack against an allied force now suffering acutely from food and supply shortages caused directly by its idleness. There was no guarantee that the Austrians and the Dutch would welcome his return. This is Frederick County, where hip meets historic every day. Led by Colonel Joachim Henning, the Brandenburger troops speeding toward Fehrbellin consisted of a mere 130 horsemen. Exhausted by days of hard riding and fighting, the Brandenburgers declined to pursue. Frederick William (German language: Friedrich Wilhelm) (16 February 1620 29 April 1688) was Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia and thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia from 1640 until his death. On 7 December 1646 in The Hague, Frederick William entered into a marriage, proposed by Blumenthal as a partial solution to the Jlich-Berg question, with Luise Henriette of Nassau (16271667), daughter of Frederick Henry of Orange-Nassau and Amalia of Solms-Braunfels and his 1st cousin once removed through William the Silent. Frederick William The Elector Quotes & Sayings Showing search results for "Frederick William The Elector" sorted by relevance. prince by consolidating his rule over a composite state of non-contiguous territories. Frederick, and friendlier nickname Fred, seemed almost to have disappeared, leaving just the memory of Freds past such as Astaire, Mr. Rogers and Flintstone. A learned man, he founded a university and established the Berlin library. Without a strong maritime presence in the Baltic, Swedens army in Germany was cut off, giving Frederick William a decided advantage. The Great Elector Derek McKay 3.50 8 ratings1 review Want to Read Kindle $47.84 Rate this book In this first biography in English for fifty years, Derek McKay avoids the limitation of seeing Frederick William primarily as precursor of the 'Enlightened' Frederick the Great. Condition: New. Waldemar knew that the main Brandenburger army was close, but he did not fear an attack. A pleasure to deal with. Frederick William was overwhelmed with dismay. Frederick William was fully determined to use Swedish ignorance to his advantage. However, it was never big enough to allow him to conduct independent foreign Continue Reading Check Writing Quality You May Also Find These Documents Helpful To the Swedish rear lay a conglomeration of large swampsa certain detriment should a sudden, hurried retreat be necessary. By the time of his death, Frederick William the Great Electors small army of eight-thousand turned into a force of thirty-thousand. The Romanovs brought about total enserfment of the people, while the military obligations on the nobility were relaxed considerably. Before the death of Charles VI, many of the European powers had guaranteed that Charles's daughter Maria Theresa would succeed him. is a style in art and architecture developed in Europe from about 1550 to 1700 that emphasizes dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. Charles was the last of all of the Habsburg males. / Harold James, The Massacre in January 1945 on the Baltic Seashore, Introduction Rival Histories of Emer De Vattel's Law of Nations*, Germans Displaced from the East: Crossing Actual and Imagined Central European Borders, 1944-1955, Immigration and the Diffusion of Technology: the Huguenot Diaspora in Prussia, Applicant Age Country of Origin Departure Date Expr1004, Geography and the Rise of Prussia After 1815, UC Berkeley Berkeley Undergraduate Journal, Immigration and the Diffusion of Technology: the Huguenot, FREDERICK the GREAT and the SEVEN YEARS' WAR, Queen Louise of Prussia: Gender, Power, and Queenship During the Sattelzeit Era, Migration Across the Frontiers of Germany, The Long-Term Effects of Oppression: Prussia, Political Catholicism and the Alternative Fr Deutschland, The Fall of Hitler's Fortress City: the Battle for Konigsberg, 1945, The Regional Incidence of Disease in Germany, Introduction Locating Saxony in the Landscape of German Regional History, German Immigrant Arrivals: Resources in the Library of Congress Compiled and Annotated by Barbara B. Though a minor skirmish from a military perspective, Frederick William's victory turned out to be of huge symbolic significance. This time it cost the life of Frederick Williams own son, Carl Emil. Frederick William was a staunch pillar of the Calvinist faith, associated with the rising commercial class. A member of the House of was a Russian tsar. suspicion They stayed in and increased power through election and marriage. The House of Hohenzollern What were the four Waldemar found the bridge smoldering yet still very much intact. In 1672, the Franco-Dutch War broke out, with Brandenburg-Prussia involved as an ally of the Dutch Republic. During the Thirty Years' War, George William strove to maintain, with a minimal army, a delicate balance between the Protestant and Catholic forces fighting throughout the Holy Roman Empire. On that date in 1675, the Prussians achieved the start of their proud military tradition. Szn,SrMe$|TdXoZQa$$n,i/iHTR1]f:E9yM(}91{+: Although committed to the Protestant Calvinist faith, Frederick William formed alliances with Catholic rulers when it was to his advantage. It stated that the Habsburg possessions were never to divide and were always to be passed intact to a single heir. are people of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. For example, he used secret police to hunt down opponents and kill them. Elector Frederick William was born in Berlin to George William, Elector of Brandenburg, and Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate. This was exactly what Frederick William had expected; he was already ordering his victorious cavalry forward to cut off the Swedish retreat. They reached the hills summit and captured the Brandenburger artillery. Operating independently for the first couple of months, the Brandenburgers were too weak to strike Turenne. In the years following the battle, he did just that. is the theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power. Aware that Fehrbellin was the only suitable place to cross the marshes, Derfflinger knew exactly which route the younger Wrangel would take. Shortly afterward, a combined Dutch-Danish fleet intercepted the Swedish navy and wrecked nearly three-quarters of it. Frederick William had no intention of providing the time necessary to do so, declaring confidently, We are so close to the enemy, that he must lose his hair or his feathers.. was the son and successor of Frederick I who disliked the French and got rid of most of its luxury and used the saved money to strengthen Prussia by doubling the size of its army and making it the most efficient fighting force in Europe. Incensed by the betrayal, he vowed to fight the French alone, but when Louis dispatched an army toward Brandenburg, Frederick William conceded. A model experimental farm, influenced by the electors wife, Louise Henrietta, was established at Oranienburg, near Berlin. The wait was brief. In the seventeenth century, there was little German nationalism, and localism reigned supreme. In 1672, when Louis launched a war of conquest against the Dutch Republic, two very different states were forced to make that difficult choice. In 1672, it remained vital for Brandenburg to tie itself into alliances with outside powers that were willing to provide the subsidies necessary for an enlarged military to exist. He settled some 20,000 Huguenot refugees from France in his domains, which helped establish industry and trade, as did the foreign craftsmen he brought in. Following Louis XIV's revocation of the Edict of Nantes, Frederick William encouraged skilled French and Walloon Huguenots to emigrate to Brandenburg-Prussia with the Edict of Potsdam, bolstering the country's technical and industrial base. The elector was perhaps happier with Dorothea, who was more willing to join him in hunting and drinking than was Louise Henrietta. Given their crippling financial crisis, it was obvious that the Swedes would need outside help if they wished to hold onto all the pieces of their empire. In ensuing conflicts, states fought either with France or against her. They successfully unified the nation under harsh rule. On June 29, he reluctantly signed the Treaty of St. Germain, effectively wiping out all of his gains by restoring the conquered territories to Sweden. Frederick William, later known as the great elector, assumed power in the midst of the catastrophic Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Thirty Years War (1618-1648);Frederick William and . ", Richardson, Oliver H. "Religious Toleration under the Great Elector and Its Material Results. Peter the Great won this battle for Russia and it established the country's dominance in Europe. As in his previous campaign, Bournonville, despite being numerically superior to Turenne, refused to take the offensive. Maybe you wanted to enjoy our rich variety of performing and visual arts. Judging the attacking Brandenburgers to be much greater in strength than they actually were, the Wrangels decided against counterattacking Rathenow and opted to withdraw. The one who will be found in trial capable of great acts of love is ever the one who is always doing considerate small ones. It influenced Peter to build St. Petersburg. Finally, the old veteran could take his dishonorable role no longer and left the field. Electors had not been allowed to do this and it was this drop in their perceived status, that pushed Frederick to deciding that he wanted to be called king of Prussia. Out of these unpromising beginnings Frederick William managed to rebuild his war-ravaged territories. Charles XI of Sweden, dependent on French subsidies, reluctantly occupied the Brandenburgian Uckermark in 1674, starting the German theater of the Scanian War (Brandenburg-Swedish War). In the end, it was a risk the Dutch had to take, and they agreed to once again partially subsidize Brandenburgs army. RRP 119.99. a form of government in which a single person holds unlimited political power. The elector was no friend of France. Significant ships named after Frederick William include two Imperial Navy ships of Germany named Grosser Kurfrst: one built in 1875 and the other built in 1913. Louis consequently pressed the Swedes to invade Brandenburg in order to draw Frederick William away from the Rhine. His shrewd domestic reforms gave Prussia a strong position in the post-Westphalian political order of north-central Europe, setting Prussia up for elevation from duchy to kingdom, achieved under his son and successor. Charles X Gustav; Christina; Ferdinand II; Frederick Henry; Frederick V; Frederick William, the Great Elector; Gustavus II Adolphus; Leopold I; Louis XIV; Axel Oxenstierna; Samuel von Pufendorf; Cardinal de Richelieu; Justine Siegemundin; Albrecht Wenzel von Wallenstein; William III. 3. In fact, opposing the mighty armies of France courted disaster. Luckily for him, the Swedes were in no mood to press their advantage. The Hohenzollerns had other lands that were geographically separated from Brandenburg. This ended with the treaties of Labiau, Wehlau, Bromberg and Oliva; they removed Swedish control of the Duchy of Prussia, which meant he held it direct from the Holy Roman Emperor. Despite nonexistent Austrian support and dwindling Dutch subsidies, it was still a difficult decision to make. Given the grave condition of his overextended realm, more French subsidies were imperative. Just to be certain, however, Frederick William forged a nonaggression pact with the Swedes before plunging again into war with France. A member of the House of Hohenzollern, he is popularly known as "the Great Elector"[1] (der Groe Kurfrst) because of his military and political achievements. What was Frederick William the Great Elector known for? Spindell was first appointed Corrections? 500 matching entries found. In the summer of 1675, Swedish troops led by Marshal Karl Wrangel invaded the German principality of Brandenburg. Their children were as follows: On 13 June 1668 in Grningen, Frederick William married Sophie Dorothea of Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg, daughter of Philip, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg and Sophie Hedwig of Saxe-Lauenburg. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He built framework for absolute rule and worked to limit the power of boyars. When he became elector (ruler) of Brandenburg in 1640, the country was in ruins from the Thirty Years' War; it had lost half its population from war, disease and emigration. Please try again. The electors men would not be disappointed. It needed only minor repairs before it could be crossed. He was one of history's greatest conquerors. They were there to decide the future of their state. The Swedish incursion gave him an excellent excuse to leave behind his worthless allies along the Rhine and win martial glory for himself. Before conflict broke out, the elector died in 1688. The "Great Elector" enjoyed less success, however, in his efforts to, Hohenzollern grasp, despite the initiation of two wars, the second of which was derisively nick-named. The elector utilized his opportunity to the fullest. The Swedes own 38 cannons, only seven of which were operational, would be unable to assist in the assault. https://networks.h-net.org/node/35008/reviews/43678/beachy-mckay-great-elector-frederick-william-brandenburg-prussia. **a**. It would take nothing short of a miracle to revive them. The reign of Frederick William, the Great Elector, led to the rise of Brandenburg-Prussia as a major state in northern Germany, paving the way for the emergence of Prussia as a leading European power in the eighteenth century. At the same time, the young and impressionable King Charles XI had just reached the age of legitimacy and was assuming power from a regency government. Copyright 1995-2023 eBay Inc. All Rights Reserved. Quantity: 2 available. The elder Wrangel commanded in the north, while Waldemar led the Swedish troops in Alt-Brandenburg. Quantity: 2 available. **b**. The great elector followed a policy of religious toleration, but as much by necessity as by principle. Although it would again prove itself a force to be reckoned with under its next king, Charles XII, the Swedish empire, stretched thin and exposed as little more than a client state of France, was doomed to inevitable collapse. Faced by an invading army from Sweden, one of the foremost powers of the day, the Brandenburgers prepared for battle at the little town of Fehrbellin, northwest of Berlin. Led the Hungarians to one last patriotic rebellion. In 1685, fearing French ambitions and concerned about the security of Protestantism after Louis revoked religious toleration for the Protestant Huguenots, he again changed sides, joining the Dutch and the Swedes in a pact against France. His goal was to make Prussia a powerful military state with an independent economy. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Within months of the treaty, he was searching for an excuse to break it. [2], This article is about the Elector of Brandenburg. Derfflinger opposed the strategy, arguing that his horsemen were too exhausted from the march and the assault on Rathenow, but the elector, backed by Prince Friedrich, overruled him, stressing the need for a decisive campaign. He later destroyed another Swedish army that invaded the Duchy of Prussia during the Great Sleigh Drive in 1678. Sitting idle, the allied army consequently suffered terribly from a lack of provisions. The French monarch had heard the stories of Brandenburger grit at Turkheim and doubted that the elector would willingly exit the war a second time. Already the Brandenburger artillery was raining hell down upon the Swedes, goading the younger Wrangel to move. Unwilling to sacrifice anything to the despised Danes, Charles accepted the advice of his chancellor, yet limited the extent of Swedish involvement to the preservation of a strong garrison in Pomerania. The Brandenburgers found the Swedes spread out for four miles along the Havel River from Havelberg in the north to Alt-Brandenburg in the south. This alliance was based on a treaty of 1669, and resulted in French occupation of Brandenburg-Prussian Cleves. Or maybe you love the outdoors and wanted to experience hiking, biking, camping, golfing, The Great Elector is most famous for building a strong standing army, with an elite officer corps. Their mighty empire was extended beyond what its meager resources could defend, and they fought to maintain a tenuous supremacy in northern Europe. The Great Elector is most famous for building a strong standing army, with an elite officer corps. Swedens acute lack of resources and funds made its recent conquests extremely vulnerable. his forces were defeated, but the Hapsburgs had to compromise with Hungary and give them more power over themselves. The larger of these states, Sweden, already possessed a strong tradition as a French ally. Inner-Polish Catholic opposition to an intervention on the Protestant Hungarian rebels' side added to the resentments. As Brandenburg-Prussia remained economically impoverished after the Thirty Years War, he hoped to replicate the mercantile successes of the Dutch East India Company. What was Frederick William the Great Elector known for? The march was a stunning success. [4], Statue of Frederick William at Charlottenburg Palace, Berlin, Frederick William was a military commander of wide renown, and his standing army would later become the model for the Prussian Army. Their children were as follows: On 13 June 1668 in Grningen, Frederick William married Sophie Dorothea of Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg, daughter of Philip, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg and Sophie Hedwig of Saxe-Lauenburg. What impact did Egyptian religious beliefs have on the lives of Egyptians? Despite the cannon fire searing through their ranks, the Swedes charged madly, putting the battles outcome in doubt. were members of the highest rank of Russian feudal society. The forty-eight-year reign of the great elector laid the foundation for modern Prussia, but he was more of a consolidator than an innovator. He weakened representative assemblies of their territories and forced Junkers to cooperate. Fighting on the side of Louis XIV provided the luxury of being allied to the most powerful monarch in Europe, yet it also brought the threat of becoming a mere French satellite. The peasants, both free and enserfed, suffered the most, and many fled the electorate to escape their plight. Louiss ambitions threatened the Dutch Republic as well as Frederick Williams principalities of Cleves and Mark. Frederick William is notable for raising an army of 40,000 soldiers by 1678, through the General War Commissariat presided over by Joachim Friedrich von Blumenthal. Since 1415, the Hohenzollerns Hohenzollerns had been the ruling family of Brandenburg Brandenburg , a small state in northern Germany, that was relatively poor in resources. At the close of the campaign, Waldemar had a paltry 4,000 men remaining at his disposal. Aware of the negative domestic consequences of his military aims, Frederick William followed the prevailing economic doctrine of mercantilism, Mercantilism;Brandenburg or cameralism as it was known in Germany, which advocated state leadership in guiding the economy. He also simplified travel in Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia by connecting riverways with canals, a system that was expanded by later Prussian architects, such as Georg Steenke; the system is still in use today. Like other rulers of the seventeenth century, he often practiced political absolutism, but on practical grounds more so than on philosophical or theological grounds. After his wife died, he began to rule harshly. Frederick William, 16 February 1620 - 29 The Great Elector: Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia. His bases moved toward absolute monarchy. Shortly after Waldemars arrival, the advance elements of the Brandenburger cavalry under Prince Friedrich arrived on the scene. The army marched in three sections: the left under Prince Friedrich II of Hesse-Homburg, the right led by General Joachim Ernst von Gortzke, and the center directed by Derfflinger. Frederick William celebrated his driving off the Swedes, while Waldemar insisted that his bloody charges had delayed the enemy long enough to save the bulk of his force. Nobility gained more exemptions from the military service, while the peasants were further ground down. In 1675, he defeated the invading Swedes at the Battle of Fehrbellin, Fehrbellin, Battle of (1675) winning for himself the title of the great elector, later the title of a biography by Samuel von Pufendorf, one of his advisers. After a reign of forty-eight years, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, left behind him in 1688 a military and bureaucratic system that endured until 1945. But they also imply a great deal of thinking about others without the thoughts being criticisms. He united the multiple separate domains that his family had acquired primarily by marriage over the decades, and built the powerful unified state of Prussia out of them. Settling into winter quarters at the end of 1674, the spirits of the Brandenburgers and their ruler were all but crushed. Its current ruler, the elector Frederick William, having come to power during the Thirty Years War, had suffered the humiliation of being unable to prevent foreigners from marching through and devastating his lands. A minor player on a European continent that was still recovering from the cataclysmic Thirty Years War, Brandenburg and its elector were about to change history. This made it much easier for Brandenburg, and later Prussia, to mobilize its military upon the outbreak of hostilities, giving it the ability to immediately compete with its neighbors. was a German family who ruled Brandenburg from 1415 and later extended their control to Prussia. His target was Waldemars contingent, which had left Alt-Brandenburg and was heading east for the small town of Fehrbellin, on the Rhine, where the Swedes planned to reunite their forces. He was the first to assume the title Czar of Russia. Omissions? Complete the following sentences by choosing the word that best fits the context, based on information you infer from the use of the italicized word. was the chief architect of Elizabeth, Peter the Great's daughter. However, he switched sides again when promised French subsidies did not arrive. It appeared that the gambling elector was about to be routed. WebFrederick, Prince of Anhalt-Harzgerode (16131670) Austria. The Great Elector weakened the powers of the Junkers. Michael Romanov was crown tsar to end the Time of Troubles. By the reign of Frederick I, the title Elector had decreased in importance and status. The capital Berlin had only 6,000 people left when the wars ended in 1648. He is notable for his joint victory with Swedish forces at the Battle of Warsaw (1656), which, according to Hajo Holborn, marked "the beginning of Prussian military history",[5] but the Swedes turned on him at the behest of King Louis XIV of France and invaded Brandenburg. Shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd (aka North German Lloyd) also built a cargo and passenger liner for North Atlantic service with the same name that was later taken into US Navy service. What were the three goals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition? It has been said by a certain general, that the first object in the establishment of an army Psychologically, however, the triumph belonged to Brandenburg, which earned the distinction of being the first minor German state in modern times to deal such a stunning blow to a major European power. His inheritance consisted of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, the Duchy of Cleves, the County of Mark, and the Duchy of Prussia. Although he was well aware of Leopolds stance, Frederick William was confident that he could convince Montecuccoli to take action. William was the eldest surviving son of William I, Elector of Hesse and Wilhelmina Caroline of Denmark and Norway. Very fast delivery, good seller! The Brandenburgers departed for Rathenow on June 25. At the monthly meeting of cheese connoisseurs, members are known to _____ for hours about perfect cheese blends or the merits of certain aging techniques. To cooperate century, there was little German nationalism, and many fled the to... 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